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The issue of sighting the crescent versus using calculations to determine the beginning of the month of Ramadan is the subject of a lot of discussion among today's Muslims. Some ask: why should we go out and sight the crescent? Isn't the science of astronomy advanced enough to determine the first day of Ramadan? To clarify the Islamic standpoint on this issue, we should rely on the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and what is agreed upon by Muslim scholars.

Firstly: the correct opinion which must be acted upon is that indicated by the words of the Prophet (): "Fast when you see it [the new moon] and stop fasting when you see it, and if it is cloudy then complete the month with thirty days." That is the basis for determining the beginning and end of Ramadaan by the actual sighting of the new moon. The Islamic sharee'ah with which Allaah sent our Prophet Muhammad () is universal and everlasting, until the Day of Resurrection. (It is valid for every time and place, whether worldly sciences are advanced or otherwise, whether there are telescopes etc. or not, whether there are any people in the population who are able to do astronomical calculations or not. Sighting the moon is something that people of all places and times can do, unlike calculations which may or may not be within the reach of the people, and telescopes which may or may not be available)

Secondly: Allaah knew what progress would be made in astronomy and other sciences, but despite that He still said (interpretation of the meaning): "… So whoever among you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadaan), he must observe sawm (fast) that month…" [al-Baqarah 2:185] and the Messenger of Allaah () said: "Fast when you see it [the new moon] and stop fasting when you see it…" So the beginning and ending of Ramadaan are connected to the actual sighting of the moon, and not to the calculations of astronomers, even though Allaah knew that the astronomers would develop their science to the point where they would be able to calculate the positions of the stars and heavenly bodies. The Muslims are obliged to follow what Allaah has prescribed for them through His Prophet (), basing the beginning and end of the fast on the sighting of the moon. This is like the consensus of the scholars, whoever differs with this and relies on calculations is shaadhdh ("odd") and his opinion cannot be relied on.[1]

Islam is easy and its rules apply to everyone, mankind and jinn alike, regardless of whether they are scholars or illiterate, settled or nomadic. So Allaah made it easy for them to know the times for the acts of worship, and made their beginning and end signs which everyone can know. He made the setting of the sun the sign for the beginning of Maghrib and the end of 'Asr, and He made the disappearance of the red glow in the sky the sign of the beginning of the time of 'Isha'. He made the sighting of the moon after its disappearance at the end of the month the sign of the beginning of the new lunar month and the end of the previous month. He did not give us the task of knowing the beginning of the lunar month from something which is known to only a small number of people, namely astronomy and its calculations. Thus the texts of the Qur'aan and Sunnah make the actual sighting of the new moon the signal for the Muslims to start fasting Ramadaan; they stop fasting when they see the new moon of Shawwaal; the dates of Eid al-Adhaa and Yawm 'Arafaat are similarly determined. Allaah says (interpretation of the meanings):

"… So whoever among you sights (the crescent on the first night of) the month (of Ramadaan), he must observe sawm (fast) that month…" [al-Baqarah 2:185]

"They ask you (O Muhammad) about the new moons. Say: these are signs to mark fixed periods of time for mankind and for the pilgrimage…" [al-Baqarah 2:189]

The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said: "Fast when you see it [the new moon] and stop fasting when you see it, and if it is cloudy then complete the month with thirty days."

The Prophet () made the beginning of the fast conditional upon the confirmed sighting of the new moon of Ramadaan, and the ending of the fast conditional upon the confirmed sighting of the new moon of Shawwaal; he did not connect this to calculations of the movements of stars or other heavenly bodies. This is how it was done at the time of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him), during the rule of the Khulafa' al-Raashidoon, at the time of the four imaams, and during the three centuries which the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) said were the best. Referring to calculations of the lunar months to start and end periods of worship, instead of actually sighting the new moon, is a bid'ah (reprehensible innovation) that has no good in it and has no basis in sharee'ah. The best of all is to follow the salaf in religious matters, and the worst of all is to follow newly-invented innovations in religion. May Allaah protect us and you and all the Muslims from tribulation, both obvious and hidden.[2]

[1] Fataawaa al-Lajnah al-Daa’imah, 10/106.
[2] From the site: www.islam-qa.com.